diff --git a/bluepill.vcxproj b/bluepill.vcxproj
index 6b4936c..656c42c 100644
--- a/bluepill.vcxproj
+++ b/bluepill.vcxproj
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@
     <ClCompile Include="exception.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="exit_handler.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="gdt.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="handlers.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="idt.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="mm.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="vmcs.cpp" />
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@
     <ClInclude Include="debug.hpp" />
     <ClInclude Include="exception.hpp" />
     <ClInclude Include="gdt.hpp" />
+    <ClInclude Include="handlers.hpp" />
     <ClInclude Include="ia32.hpp" />
     <ClInclude Include="idt.hpp" />
     <ClInclude Include="mm.hpp" />
diff --git a/bluepill.vcxproj.filters b/bluepill.vcxproj.filters
index 84c04e5..f4f9837 100644
--- a/bluepill.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/bluepill.vcxproj.filters
@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@
     <ClCompile Include="exception.cpp">
       <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="handlers.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <ClInclude Include="vmxon.hpp">
@@ -85,6 +88,9 @@
     <ClInclude Include="exception.hpp">
       <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="handlers.hpp">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <MASM Include="segment_intrin.asm">
diff --git a/exit_handler.cpp b/exit_handler.cpp
index ff1014c..b39d324 100644
--- a/exit_handler.cpp
+++ b/exit_handler.cpp
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ auto exit_handler(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> void
 		regs->rdx = result[3];
 		goto advance_rip;
 	}
-	// shouldnt get an exit when the LP is already executing an NMI...
-	// so it should be safe to inject an NMI here...
 	case VMX_EXIT_REASON_NMI_WINDOW:
 	{
 		exception::injection(interruption_type::non_maskable_interrupt, EXCEPTION_NMI);
@@ -40,166 +38,36 @@ auto exit_handler(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> void
 	}
 	case VMX_EXIT_REASON_EXECUTE_XSETBV:
 	{
-		hv::msr_split value{};
-		value.high = regs->rdx;
-		value.low = regs->rax;
-
-		__try
-		{
-			/*
-				EXCEPTION WARNING:
-				#GP		If the current privilege level is not 0.
-						If an invalid XCR is specified in ECX.
-						If the value in EDX:EAX sets bits that are reserved in the XCR specified by ECX.
-						If an attempt is made to clear bit 0 of XCR0.
-						If an attempt is made to set XCR0[2:1] to 10b.
-
-				#UD		If CPUID.01H:ECX.XSAVE[bit 26] = 0.
-						If CR4.OSXSAVE[bit 18] = 0.
-						If the LOCK prefix is used.
-			*/
-			_xsetbv(regs->rcx, value.value);
+		if (handle::xsetbv(regs))
 			goto advance_rip;
-		}
-		__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
-		{
-			exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception,
-				EXCEPTION_GP_FAULT, { true, g_vcpu.error_code });
+		else
 			goto dont_advance;
-		}
 	}
 	case VMX_EXIT_REASON_EXECUTE_RDMSR:
 	{
-		__try
-		{
-			/*
-				EXCEPTION WARNING:
-				#GP(0)	If the current privilege level is not 0.
-						If the value in ECX specifies a reserved or unimplemented MSR address.
-				#UD	If the LOCK prefix is used.
-			*/
-			const auto result =
-				hv::msr_split{ __readmsr(regs->rcx) };
-
-			regs->rdx = result.high;
-			regs->rax = result.low;
+		if (handle::rdmsr(regs))
 			goto advance_rip;
-		}
-		__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
-		{
-			exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception,
-				EXCEPTION_GP_FAULT, { true, g_vcpu.error_code });
+		else
 			goto dont_advance;
-		}
 	}
 	case VMX_EXIT_REASON_EXECUTE_WRMSR:
 	{
-		hv::msr_split value;
-		value.low = regs->rax;
-		value.high = regs->rdx;
-
-		__try
-		{
-			/*
-				EXCEPTION WARNING:
-				#GP(0)	If the current privilege level is not 0.
-						If the value in ECX specifies a reserved or unimplemented MSR address.
-				#UD	If the LOCK prefix is used.
-			*/
-			__writemsr(regs->rcx, value.value);
+		if (handle::wrmsr(regs))
 			goto advance_rip;
-		}
-		__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
-		{
-			exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception,
-				EXCEPTION_GP_FAULT, { true, g_vcpu.error_code });
+		else
 			goto dont_advance;
-		}
-	}
-	case VMX_EXIT_REASON_EXECUTE_INVD:
-	{
-		__wbinvd();
-		goto advance_rip;
 	}
 	case VMX_EXIT_REASON_EXECUTE_VMCALL:
 	{
-		if (regs->rcx == VMCALL_KEY)
-		{
-			cr3 dirbase;
-			__vmx_vmread(VMCS_GUEST_CR3, &dirbase.flags);
-
-			auto command = command::get(
-				dirbase.pml4_pfn << 12, regs->rdx);
-
-			if (!command.present)
-			{
-				exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception, EXCEPTION_INVALID_OPCODE);
-				goto dont_advance;
-			}
-
-			switch (command.option)
-			{
-			case command::vmcall_option::copy_virt:
-			{
-				command.result =
-					mm::copy_virt(
-						command.copy_virt.dirbase_src,
-						command.copy_virt.virt_src,
-						command.copy_virt.dirbase_dest,
-						command.copy_virt.virt_dest,
-						command.copy_virt.size);
-				break;
-			}
-			case command::vmcall_option::translate:
-			{
-				command.translate.phys_addr =
-					mm::translate(mm::virt_addr_t{
-						command.translate.virt_addr },
-						command.translate.dirbase);
-
-				// true if address is not null...
-				command.result = command.translate.phys_addr;
-				break;
-			}
-			case command::vmcall_option::read_phys:
-			{
-				command.result =
-					mm::read_phys(
-						command.read_phys.dirbase_dest,
-						command.read_phys.phys_src,
-						command.read_phys.virt_dest,
-						command.read_phys.size);
-				break;
-			}
-			case command::vmcall_option::write_phys:
-			{
-				command.result =
-					mm::write_phys(
-						command.write_phys.dirbase_src,
-						command.write_phys.phys_dest,
-						command.write_phys.virt_src,
-						command.write_phys.size);
-				break;
-			}
-			case command::vmcall_option::dirbase:
-			{
-				command.result = true;
-				command.dirbase = dirbase.pml4_pfn << 12;
-				break;
-			}
-			default:
-				// check to see why the option was invalid...
-				__debugbreak();
-			}
-
-			command::set(dirbase.pml4_pfn << 12, regs->rdx, command);
+		if (handle::vmcall(regs))
 			goto advance_rip;
-		}
 		else
-		{
-			exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception, EXCEPTION_INVALID_OPCODE);
 			goto dont_advance;
-		}
+	}
+	case VMX_EXIT_REASON_EXECUTE_INVD:
+	{
+		__wbinvd();
+		goto advance_rip;
 	}
 	case VMX_EXIT_REASON_EXECUTE_VMWRITE:
 	case VMX_EXIT_REASON_EXECUTE_VMREAD:
diff --git a/handlers.cpp b/handlers.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c12a179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/handlers.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+#include "handlers.hpp"
+
+namespace handle
+{
+	auto xsetbv(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> bool
+	{
+		hv::msr_split value{};
+		value.high = regs->rdx;
+		value.low = regs->rax;
+
+		__try
+		{
+			/*
+				EXCEPTION WARNING:
+				#GP		If the current privilege level is not 0.
+						If an invalid XCR is specified in ECX.
+						If the value in EDX:EAX sets bits that are reserved in the XCR specified by ECX.
+						If an attempt is made to clear bit 0 of XCR0.
+						If an attempt is made to set XCR0[2:1] to 10b.
+
+				#UD		If CPUID.01H:ECX.XSAVE[bit 26] = 0.
+						If CR4.OSXSAVE[bit 18] = 0.
+						If the LOCK prefix is used.
+			*/
+			_xsetbv(regs->rcx, value.value);
+		}
+		__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
+		{
+			exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception,
+				EXCEPTION_GP_FAULT, { true, g_vcpu.error_code });
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	auto rdmsr(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> bool
+	{
+		__try
+		{
+			/*
+				EXCEPTION WARNING:
+				#GP(0)	If the current privilege level is not 0.
+						If the value in ECX specifies a reserved or unimplemented MSR address.
+				#UD	If the LOCK prefix is used.
+			*/
+			const auto result =
+				hv::msr_split{ __readmsr(regs->rcx) };
+
+			regs->rdx = result.high;
+			regs->rax = result.low;
+		}
+		__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
+		{
+			exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception,
+				EXCEPTION_GP_FAULT, { true, g_vcpu.error_code });
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	auto wrmsr(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> bool
+	{
+		hv::msr_split value;
+		value.low = regs->rax;
+		value.high = regs->rdx;
+
+		__try
+		{
+			/*
+				EXCEPTION WARNING:
+				#GP(0)	If the current privilege level is not 0.
+						If the value in ECX specifies a reserved or unimplemented MSR address.
+				#UD	If the LOCK prefix is used.
+			*/
+			__writemsr(regs->rcx, value.value);
+		}
+		__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
+		{
+			exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception,
+				EXCEPTION_GP_FAULT, { true, g_vcpu.error_code });
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	auto vmcall(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> bool
+	{
+		if (regs->rcx == VMCALL_KEY)
+		{
+			cr3 dirbase;
+			__vmx_vmread(VMCS_GUEST_CR3, &dirbase.flags);
+
+			auto command = command::get(
+				dirbase.pml4_pfn << 12, regs->rdx);
+
+			if (!command.present)
+			{
+				exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception, EXCEPTION_INVALID_OPCODE);
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			switch (command.option)
+			{
+			case command::vmcall_option::copy_virt:
+			{
+				command.result =
+					mm::copy_virt(
+						command.copy_virt.dirbase_src,
+						command.copy_virt.virt_src,
+						command.copy_virt.dirbase_dest,
+						command.copy_virt.virt_dest,
+						command.copy_virt.size);
+				break;
+			}
+			case command::vmcall_option::translate:
+			{
+				command.translate.phys_addr =
+					mm::translate(mm::virt_addr_t{
+						command.translate.virt_addr },
+						command.translate.dirbase);
+
+				// true if address is not null...
+				command.result = command.translate.phys_addr;
+				break;
+			}
+			case command::vmcall_option::read_phys:
+			{
+				command.result =
+					mm::read_phys(
+						command.read_phys.dirbase_dest,
+						command.read_phys.phys_src,
+						command.read_phys.virt_dest,
+						command.read_phys.size);
+				break;
+			}
+			case command::vmcall_option::write_phys:
+			{
+				command.result =
+					mm::write_phys(
+						command.write_phys.dirbase_src,
+						command.write_phys.phys_dest,
+						command.write_phys.virt_src,
+						command.write_phys.size);
+				break;
+			}
+			case command::vmcall_option::dirbase:
+			{
+				command.result = true;
+				command.dirbase = dirbase.pml4_pfn << 12;
+				break;
+			}
+			default:
+				// check to see why the option was invalid...
+				__debugbreak();
+			}
+
+			command::set(dirbase.pml4_pfn << 12, regs->rdx, command);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			exception::injection(interruption_type::hardware_exception, EXCEPTION_INVALID_OPCODE);
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/handlers.hpp b/handlers.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a12b631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/handlers.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "vmxon.hpp"
+#include "hv_types.hpp"
+#include "command.hpp"
+#include "exception.hpp"
+
+namespace handle
+{
+	auto xsetbv(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> bool;
+	auto rdmsr(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> bool;
+	auto wrmsr(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> bool;
+	auto vmcall(hv::pguest_registers regs) -> bool;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vmxexit_handler.h b/vmxexit_handler.h
index aae3d5a..cfd0ed3 100644
--- a/vmxexit_handler.h
+++ b/vmxexit_handler.h
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "hv_types.hpp"
+#include "handlers.hpp"
 #include "debug.hpp"
 #include "mm.hpp"
-#include "vmxon.hpp"
-#include "command.hpp"
-#include "exception.hpp"
 
 extern "C" auto vmxexit_handler() -> void;
 extern "C" auto vmresume_failure() -> void;