diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 4c0445e..e1af35b 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ set(CMKR_TARGET vmdevirt)
 set(vmdevirt_SOURCES "")
 
 list(APPEND vmdevirt_SOURCES
+	"src/lifters/add.cpp"
 	"src/lifters/lconst.cpp"
 	"src/lifters/lreg.cpp"
+	"src/lifters/pushvsp.cpp"
+	"src/lifters/read.cpp"
 	"src/lifters/sreg.cpp"
 	"src/main.cpp"
 	"src/vmp_rtn.cpp"
-	"src/lifters/lconst.cpp"
-	"src/lifters/lreg.cpp"
-	"src/lifters/sreg.cpp"
 	"include/vm_lifters.hpp"
 	"include/vmp_rtn.hpp"
 )
diff --git a/cmake.toml b/cmake.toml
index 24efd64..1be73bc 100644
--- a/cmake.toml
+++ b/cmake.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ type = "executable"
 
 sources = [
     "src/**.cpp",
-    "src/lifters/**.cpp",
     "include/**.hpp",
 ]
 include-directories = [
diff --git a/dependencies/vmprofiler b/dependencies/vmprofiler
index ef9e9c1..16aeb2d 160000
--- a/dependencies/vmprofiler
+++ b/dependencies/vmprofiler
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit ef9e9c1cb2f69abfc5ea070db71ef57b4316bb87
+Subproject commit 16aeb2d6d48c4822b89497ad660911eb0f5e54bd
diff --git a/include/vm_lifters.hpp b/include/vm_lifters.hpp
index 0e8827b..e2d4bb7 100644
--- a/include/vm_lifters.hpp
+++ b/include/vm_lifters.hpp
@@ -23,10 +23,17 @@ namespace vmp2::lifters
                              const vm::instrs::virt_instr_t &vinstr, llvm::IRBuilder<> *ir_builder ) >;
 
     extern lifter_callback_t lconstq;
+    extern lifter_callback_t lconstdwsxq;
+
+    extern lifter_callback_t pushvsp;
+    extern lifter_callback_t addq;
     extern lifter_callback_t sregq;
+    extern lifter_callback_t lregq;
 
-    inline std::map< vm::handler::mnemonic_t, lifter_callback_t * > lifters = { { vm::handler::LCONSTQ, &lconstq },
-                                                                                { vm::handler::SREGQ, &sregq } };
+    inline std::map< vm::handler::mnemonic_t, lifter_callback_t * > lifters = {
+        { vm::handler::LCONSTQ, &lconstq }, { vm::handler::LCONSTDWSXQ, &lconstdwsxq },
+        { vm::handler::ADDQ, &addq },       { vm::handler::PUSHVSP, &pushvsp },
+        { vm::handler::SREGQ, &sregq },     { vm::handler::LREGQ, &lregq } };
 
     inline bool lift( vm::vmp_rtn_t *rtn, const vm::instrs::code_block_t &vm_code_block,
                       const vm::instrs::virt_instr_t &vinstr, llvm::IRBuilder<> *ir_builder )
diff --git a/include/vmp_rtn.hpp b/include/vmp_rtn.hpp
index 9ce80db..40fdd00 100644
--- a/include/vmp_rtn.hpp
+++ b/include/vmp_rtn.hpp
@@ -20,26 +20,34 @@ namespace vm
     class vmp_rtn_t
     {
       public:
-        explicit vmp_rtn_t( llvm::LLVMContext *llvm_ctx, llvm::Module *llvm_module, std::uintptr_t rtn_begin,
-                            std::vector< vm::instrs::code_block_t > vmp2_code_blocks );
+        explicit vmp_rtn_t( llvm::LLVMContext *llvm_ctx, llvm::Module *llvm_module, vm::ctx_t *vm_ctx,
+                            std::uintptr_t rtn_begin, std::vector< vm::instrs::code_block_t > vmp2_code_blocks );
 
         llvm::Function *lift( void );
         llvm::LLVMContext *llvm_ctx;
+        vm::ctx_t *vm_ctx;
         llvm::Module *llvm_module;
         std::uintptr_t rtn_begin;
         llvm::Function *llvm_fptr;
         std::shared_ptr< llvm::IRBuilder<> > ir_builder;
         llvm::AllocaInst *virtual_stack, *stack_ptr;
 
-        std::map< ZydisRegister, llvm::Constant * > native_registers;
+        std::map< ZydisRegister, llvm::GlobalVariable * > native_registers;
         std::vector< llvm::AllocaInst * > virtual_registers;
         std::vector< llvm::BasicBlock * > llvm_code_blocks;
         std::vector< vm::instrs::code_block_t > vmp2_code_blocks;
 
+        void push( std::uint8_t byte_size, llvm::Value *input_val );
+        llvm::Value *pop( std::uint8_t byte_size );
+        llvm::Value *peek( std::uint8_t byte_size, std::uint8_t byte_offset = 0u );
+        llvm::Value *load_value( std::uint8_t byte_size, llvm::GlobalValue *global );
+        llvm::Value *load_value( std::uint8_t byte_size, llvm::AllocaInst *var );
+
       private:
         void create_native_registers( void );
         void create_virtual_registers( void );
         void create_routine( void );
         void create_virtual_stack( void );
+        void lift_vm_entry( void );
     };
 } // namespace vm
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/lifters/add.cpp b/src/lifters/add.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8e668d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lifters/add.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include <vm_lifters.hpp>
+
+namespace vmp2::lifters
+{
+    lifter_callback_t addq = [ & ]( vm::vmp_rtn_t *rtn, const vm::instrs::code_block_t &vm_code_block,
+                                    const vm::instrs::virt_instr_t &vinstr, llvm::IRBuilder<> *ir_builder ) {
+        auto t1 = rtn->pop( 8 );
+        auto t2 = rtn->pop( 8 );
+        auto t3 = ir_builder->CreateAdd( t1, t2 );
+
+        rtn->push( 8, t1 );
+        rtn->push( 8, t3 );
+
+        // TODO: compute and update RFLAGS...
+        rtn->push( 8, rtn->load_value( 8, rtn->native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RFLAGS ] ) );
+    };
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/lifters/lconst.cpp b/src/lifters/lconst.cpp
index 638960b..0de0f38 100644
--- a/src/lifters/lconst.cpp
+++ b/src/lifters/lconst.cpp
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@
 namespace vmp2::lifters
 {
     lifter_callback_t lconstq = [ & ]( vm::vmp_rtn_t *rtn, const vm::instrs::code_block_t &vm_code_block,
-                                const vm::instrs::virt_instr_t &vinstr, llvm::IRBuilder<> *ir_builder ) {
-        auto push_val = llvm::ConstantInt::get( llvm::IntegerType::getInt64Ty( *rtn->llvm_ctx ), vinstr.operand.imm.u );
+                                       const vm::instrs::virt_instr_t &vinstr, llvm::IRBuilder<> *ir_builder ) {
+        rtn->push( 8, llvm::ConstantInt::get( ir_builder->getInt64Ty(), vinstr.operand.imm.u ) );
+    };
 
+    lifter_callback_t lconstdwsxq = [ & ]( vm::vmp_rtn_t *rtn, const vm::instrs::code_block_t &vm_code_block,
+                                           const vm::instrs::virt_instr_t &vinstr, llvm::IRBuilder<> *ir_builder ) {
+        rtn->push( 8, llvm::ConstantInt::get( ir_builder->getInt64Ty(), vinstr.operand.imm.u ) );
     };
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace vmp2::lifters
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/lifters/lreg.cpp b/src/lifters/lreg.cpp
index e69de29..c1097b3 100644
--- a/src/lifters/lreg.cpp
+++ b/src/lifters/lreg.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#include <vm_lifters.hpp>
+
+namespace vmp2::lifters
+{
+    lifter_callback_t lregq = [ & ]( vm::vmp_rtn_t *rtn, const vm::instrs::code_block_t &vm_code_block,
+                                     const vm::instrs::virt_instr_t &vinstr, llvm::IRBuilder<> *ir_builder ) {
+        auto vreg = rtn->virtual_registers[ vinstr.operand.imm.u ? vinstr.operand.imm.u / 8 : 0 ];
+        rtn->push( 8, rtn->load_value( 8, vreg ) );
+    };
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/lifters/pushvsp.cpp b/src/lifters/pushvsp.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a815d08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lifters/pushvsp.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include <vm_lifters.hpp>
+
+namespace vmp2::lifters
+{
+    lifter_callback_t pushvsp = [ & ]( vm::vmp_rtn_t *rtn, const vm::instrs::code_block_t &vm_code_block,
+                                       const vm::instrs::virt_instr_t &vinstr, llvm::IRBuilder<> *ir_builder ) {
+        // Load the current stack index into a temporary variable
+        auto current_stack_index =
+            ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *rtn->llvm_ctx, 64 ), rtn->stack_ptr, false );
+
+        // Get a pointer to the top byte of the stack
+        llvm::Value *i64_zero = llvm::ConstantInt::get( *rtn->llvm_ctx, llvm::APInt( 64, 0 ) );
+        llvm::Value *indices[ 2 ] = { i64_zero, current_stack_index };
+        auto stack_ptr =
+            ir_builder->CreateInBoundsGEP( rtn->virtual_stack, llvm::ArrayRef< llvm::Value * >( indices, 2 ) );
+
+        auto stack_ptr_val = ir_builder->CreatePtrToInt( stack_ptr, ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        rtn->push( 8, stack_ptr_val );
+    };
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/lifters/read.cpp b/src/lifters/read.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/src/lifters/sreg.cpp b/src/lifters/sreg.cpp
index 3b899b9..52322b4 100644
--- a/src/lifters/sreg.cpp
+++ b/src/lifters/sreg.cpp
@@ -7,16 +7,8 @@ namespace vmp2::lifters
     // %vregX = %1
     lifter_callback_t sregq = [ & ]( vm::vmp_rtn_t *rtn, const vm::instrs::code_block_t &vm_code_block,
                                      const vm::instrs::virt_instr_t &vinstr, llvm::IRBuilder<> *ir_builder ) {
-        auto old_sp =
-            ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *rtn->llvm_ctx, 64 ), rtn->stack_ptr, false, "old_sp" );
-
-        auto new_sp = ir_builder->CreateSub(
-            old_sp, llvm::ConstantInt::get( llvm::IntegerType::get( *rtn->llvm_ctx, 64 ), 8 ), "new_sp" );
-
-        ir_builder->CreateStore( new_sp, rtn->stack_ptr );
-
-        auto top_stack =
-            ir_builder->CreateGEP( llvm::ArrayType::get( llvm::IntegerType::get( *rtn->llvm_ctx, 8 ), 1024 ),
-                                   rtn->virtual_stack, new_sp, "top_stack" );
+        auto t1 = rtn->pop( 8 );
+        auto vreg = rtn->virtual_registers[ vinstr.operand.imm.u ? vinstr.operand.imm.u / 8 : 0 ];
+        ir_builder->CreateStore( t1, vreg );
     };
 } // namespace vmp2::lifters
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/main.cpp b/src/main.cpp
index 66d17f1..e0652fe 100644
--- a/src/main.cpp
+++ b/src/main.cpp
@@ -62,8 +62,19 @@ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] )
     }
 
     LLVMContext llvm_ctx;
-    Module llvm_module( "VMProtect 2 Static Devirtualizer", llvm_ctx );
+    Module llvm_module( "", llvm_ctx );
 
-    vm::vmp_rtn_t vmp_rtn( &llvm_ctx, &llvm_module, first_block->vip_begin, vmp_code_blocks );
+    vm::ctx_t vm_ctx( reinterpret_cast< std::uintptr_t >( file_header ) + file_header->module_offset,
+                      file_header->image_base, file_header->module_size, file_header->vm_entry_rva );
+
+    if ( !vm_ctx.init() )
+    {
+        std::printf( "> failed to init vm::ctx_t... this can be for many reason... make sure you are using the correct "
+                     "vmemu version for this project...\n" );
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    vm::vmp_rtn_t vmp_rtn( &llvm_ctx, &llvm_module, &vm_ctx, first_block->vip_begin, vmp_code_blocks );
     vmp_rtn.lift();
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/vmp_rtn.cpp b/src/vmp_rtn.cpp
index f567661..dd1606b 100644
--- a/src/vmp_rtn.cpp
+++ b/src/vmp_rtn.cpp
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@
 
 namespace vm
 {
-    vmp_rtn_t::vmp_rtn_t( llvm::LLVMContext *llvm_ctx, llvm::Module *llvm_module, std::uintptr_t rtn_begin,
-                          std::vector< vm::instrs::code_block_t > vmp2_code_blocks )
-        : llvm_ctx( llvm_ctx ), llvm_module( llvm_module ), rtn_begin( rtn_begin ), vmp2_code_blocks( vmp2_code_blocks )
+    vmp_rtn_t::vmp_rtn_t( llvm::LLVMContext *llvm_ctx, llvm::Module *llvm_module, vm::ctx_t *vm_ctx,
+                          std::uintptr_t rtn_begin, std::vector< vm::instrs::code_block_t > vmp2_code_blocks )
+        : llvm_ctx( llvm_ctx ), llvm_module( llvm_module ), vm_ctx( vm_ctx ), rtn_begin( rtn_begin ),
+          vmp2_code_blocks( vmp2_code_blocks )
     {
-        // create native registers...
-        create_native_registers();
-
         // create llvm::Function and llvm::BasicBlock's...
         create_routine();
 
@@ -17,65 +15,102 @@ namespace vm
         ir_builder = std::make_shared< llvm::IRBuilder<> >( *llvm_ctx );
         ir_builder->SetInsertPoint( llvm_code_blocks[ 0 ] );
 
+        // create native registers...
+        create_native_registers();
+
         // create stack and stack pointer...
         create_virtual_stack();
 
+        // lift vm enter pushes to llvm ir...
+        lift_vm_entry();
+
         // create virtual registers...
         create_virtual_registers();
     }
 
+    void vmp_rtn_t::lift_vm_entry( void )
+    {
+        for ( const auto &instr : vm_ctx->vm_entry )
+        {
+            if ( instr.instr.mnemonic == ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_PUSH )
+            {
+                // push [xxxxx] we know this is zero and the next push is the image base...
+                if ( instr.instr.operands[ 0 ].type == ZYDIS_OPERAND_TYPE_MEMORY )
+                {
+                    push( 8, llvm::ConstantInt::get( ir_builder->getInt64Ty(), 0ull ) );
+                    push( 8, llvm::ConstantInt::get( ir_builder->getInt64Ty(), vm_ctx->image_base ) );
+                    break; // dont make these if statements a switch case because we need to use this break...
+                }
+                else if ( instr.instr.operands[ 0 ].type == ZYDIS_OPERAND_TYPE_IMMEDIATE )
+                {
+                    push( 8, llvm::ConstantInt::get( ir_builder->getInt64Ty(), instr.instr.operands[ 0 ].imm.value.u,
+                                                     false ) );
+                }
+                else if ( instr.instr.operands[ 0 ].type == ZYDIS_OPERAND_TYPE_REGISTER )
+                {
+                    push( 8, load_value( 8, native_registers[ instr.instr.operands[ 0 ].reg.value ] ) );
+                }
+            }
+            else if ( instr.instr.mnemonic == ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_PUSHFQ )
+            {
+                // just push 0 as the value itself wont matter...
+                push( 8, load_value( 8, native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RFLAGS ] ) );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     void vmp_rtn_t::create_native_registers( void )
     {
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RAX ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rax", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rax", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RAX ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "rax" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RBX ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rbx", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rbx", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RBX ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "rbx" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RCX ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rcx", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rcx", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RCX ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "rcx" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RDX ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rdx", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rdx", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RDX ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "rdx" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RSI ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rsi", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rsi", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RSI ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "rsi" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RDI ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rdi", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rdi", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RDI ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "rdi" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RBP ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rbp", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rbp", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RBP ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "rbp" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RSP ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rsp", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rsp", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RSP ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "rsp" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R8 ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r8", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r8", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R8 ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "r8" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R9 ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r9", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r9", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R9 ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "r9" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R10 ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r10", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r10", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R10 ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "r10" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R11 ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r11", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r11", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R11 ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "r11" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R12 ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r12", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r12", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R12 ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "r12" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R13 ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r13", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r13", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R13 ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "r13" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R14 ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r14", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r14", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R14 ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "r14" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R15 ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r15", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "r15", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_R15 ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "r15" );
 
-        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RFLAGS ] =
-            llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rflags", llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ) );
+        llvm_module->getOrInsertGlobal( "rflags", ir_builder->getInt64Ty() );
+        native_registers[ ZYDIS_REGISTER_RFLAGS ] = llvm_module->getGlobalVariable( "rflags" );
     }
 
     void vmp_rtn_t::create_virtual_registers( void )
@@ -109,6 +144,114 @@ namespace vm
         }
     }
 
+    void vmp_rtn_t::push( std::uint8_t byte_size, llvm::Value *input_value )
+    {
+        // Load the current stack index into a temporary variable
+        auto current_stack_index = ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ), stack_ptr, false );
+
+        // Subtract the input value size from the current stack index
+        auto new_stack_index = ir_builder->CreateSub(
+            current_stack_index, llvm::ConstantInt::get( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ), byte_size ) );
+
+        // Store the newly calculated stack index into VSP
+        ir_builder->CreateStore( new_stack_index, stack_ptr );
+
+        // Get a pointer to the top byte of the stack
+        llvm::Value *i64_zero = llvm::ConstantInt::get( *llvm_ctx, llvm::APInt( 64, 0 ) );
+        llvm::Value *indices[ 2 ] = { i64_zero, new_stack_index };
+        auto stack_ptr = ir_builder->CreateInBoundsGEP( virtual_stack, llvm::ArrayRef< llvm::Value * >( indices, 2 ) );
+
+        // Store the input value at the calculated stack address
+        if ( byte_size == 1 )
+        {
+            ir_builder->CreateStore( input_value, stack_ptr );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Cast the pointer so the stack item width matches the width of the input value
+            auto casted_ptr = ir_builder->CreatePointerCast(
+                stack_ptr, llvm::PointerType::get( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, byte_size * 8 ), 0 ) );
+
+            ir_builder->CreateStore( input_value, casted_ptr );
+        }
+    }
+
+    llvm::Value *vmp_rtn_t::pop( std::uint8_t byte_size )
+    {
+        // Load the current stack index into a temporary variable
+        auto current_stack_index = ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ), stack_ptr, false );
+
+        // Get a pointer to the top byte of the stack
+        llvm::Value *i64_zero = llvm::ConstantInt::get( *llvm_ctx, llvm::APInt( 64, 0 ) );
+        llvm::Value *indices[ 2 ] = { i64_zero, current_stack_index };
+        auto stack_ptr = ir_builder->CreateInBoundsGEP( virtual_stack, llvm::ArrayRef< llvm::Value * >( indices, 2 ) );
+
+        // Read the value at the top of the stack
+        llvm::Value *output_value = nullptr;
+
+        if ( byte_size == 1 )
+        {
+            output_value = ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 8 ), stack_ptr );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Cast the current stack pointer so the stack item width matches the width of the output value
+            auto casted_ptr = ir_builder->CreatePointerCast(
+                stack_ptr, llvm::PointerType::get( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, byte_size * 8 ), 0 ) );
+
+            output_value = ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, byte_size * 8 ), casted_ptr );
+        }
+
+        // Subtract the input value size from the current stack index
+        auto new_stack_index = ir_builder->CreateAdd(
+            current_stack_index, llvm::ConstantInt::get( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ), byte_size ) );
+
+        // Store the newly calculated stack index into VSP
+        ir_builder->CreateStore( new_stack_index, this->stack_ptr );
+        return output_value;
+    }
+
+    llvm::Value *vmp_rtn_t::peek( std::uint8_t byte_size, std::uint8_t byte_offset )
+    {
+        // Load the current stack index into a temporary variable
+        auto current_stack_index = ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ), stack_ptr, false );
+
+        if ( byte_offset )
+        {
+            auto t1 = ir_builder->CreateAdd(
+                current_stack_index, llvm::ConstantInt::get( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ), byte_offset ) );
+
+            current_stack_index = ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ), t1, false );
+        }
+
+        // Get a pointer to the top byte of the stack + byte_offset (if any)
+        llvm::Value *i64_zero = llvm::ConstantInt::get( *llvm_ctx, llvm::APInt( 64, 0 ) );
+        llvm::Value *indices[ 2 ] = { i64_zero, current_stack_index };
+        auto stack_ptr = ir_builder->CreateInBoundsGEP( virtual_stack, llvm::ArrayRef< llvm::Value * >( indices, 2 ) );
+
+        if ( byte_size != 1 )
+        {
+            auto casted_ptr = ir_builder->CreatePointerCast(
+                stack_ptr, llvm::PointerType::get( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, byte_size * 8 ), 0 ) );
+
+            return ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, byte_size * 8 ), casted_ptr );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, byte_size * 8 ), stack_ptr );
+        }
+    }
+
+    llvm::Value *vmp_rtn_t::load_value( std::uint8_t byte_size, llvm::GlobalValue *global )
+    {
+        return ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, byte_size * 8 ), global );
+    }
+
+    llvm::Value *vmp_rtn_t::load_value( std::uint8_t byte_size, llvm::AllocaInst *var )
+    {
+        return ir_builder->CreateLoad( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, byte_size * 8 ), var );
+    }
+
     void vmp_rtn_t::create_virtual_stack( void )
     {
         // allocate stack space...
@@ -117,7 +260,6 @@ namespace vm
 
         // allocate stack pointer...
         stack_ptr = ir_builder->CreateAlloca( llvm::IntegerType::get( *llvm_ctx, 64 ), nullptr, "sp" );
-
         ir_builder->CreateStore( llvm::ConstantInt::get( llvm::IntegerType::getInt64Ty( *llvm_ctx ), 1024 ),
                                  stack_ptr );
     }
@@ -131,8 +273,7 @@ namespace vm
             {
                 if ( !vmp2::lifters::lift( this, vmp2_code_blocks[ idx ], vinstr, ir_builder.get() ) )
                 {
-                    std::printf( "> failed to devirtualize virtual instruction with vm handler index = %d\n",
-                                 vinstr.opcode );
+                    std::printf( "> failed to devirtualize virtual instruction with opcode = %d\n", vinstr.opcode );
 
                     llvm_module->print( llvm::outs(), nullptr );
                     return nullptr;